Researching companies and industries are essential parts of your market research. In order to evaluate the marketing and advertising that a company is already doing - or plan future marketing - you need to understand both the company you're working with, it's competitors and the industry forces that surround it.
My focus for these is going to be on resources available through the libraries, primarily online, as we have a number of subscription options.
Company Research
I think of there being two main types of information about companies - financial information (easily found for publicly held companies, more difficult for private companies) and everything else. Financial information is useful because it helps you evaluate how strong a company is - it's certainly not the only indicator of strength in a company or the strength of their marketing campaign, but poor returns are certainly an indicator of a problem somewhere. There are three databases the library subscribes to that you can use to find this information for publicly held companies, Mergent Online, Thomson Research and the Value Line Research Center.
All three of these let you search by the ticker symbol - assuming the company is publicly traded, begin in one of these databases.
For privately held companies, I'd start in the Million Dollar Database. While it only has those businesses with over $9 million in sales or 180 employees, it is a starting point.
Another company information database option is ReferenceUSA - this one is not a database that the university subscribes to, but the Pima County Public Library does, and you have access if you have a public library card. Or, if you live in Pima County and don't have a library card, you can request a database access code through their online form.
Sometimes, it's going to be much more difficult to find information about companies - especially smaller companies. There are ways to find information, though you'll need to dig a little deeper. Go to the trade publications (available through ABI/Inform and Business Source Complete), and see what's being written there. If you know where the company is located, especially if it's in a smaller city or town, try searching the newspapers there. If the company is one that's growing, especially if they're adding more jobs, often that will be noted in the local newspapers.
For industry information, one of my first stops is usually the Standard and Poor's Industry Surveys - these are items that we receive in print. The most recent are kept on the lower level in the Information Commons at HG 4921.S68 - if you need help finding them, ask at the Info Commons Reference Desk. These give a very broad overview of many industries (though not all) and will give you good background information.
You can also take a look at the industry surveys in the Value Line Research Center - click on Standard Edition on the left side of the main page, then on the V to browse the list of industries. These are basic overviews of the industry, with an eye toward investing in them, so they'll be looking at them mainly from a financial point of view.
You can also go to the article databases - try searching for the industry name very broadly - for example, use soda or soft drinks. In the links at the top of your results, you'll often see Industry Analysis as a link or SWOT - both of these are excellent for gathering background information. The SWOT analysis in particular, even if it's not about your specific company but about a competitor - the threats and opportunities will often be similar!